The continent needs a unified stance to receive more support for its pursuit of UNSC reform, experts believe
During the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in September, African leaders revived the call for reforming the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to grant Africa a permanent seat on the UN’s top decision-making body. Voices by African leaders are backed by the Global South, the Caribbean, and Eastern European nations, which observe that the UNSC’s current structure is not only outdated but is also marginalizing a continent at the center of today’s global challenges.
In his address, Kenyan President William Ruto called for an end to what he termed an indefensible historical imbalance, stating that the much-needed reforms should guarantee Africa at least two permanent seats on the UNSC.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa warned that the current UNSC structure was entrenching inequality at the expense of global justice. At the same time, Nigerian President Bola Tinubu termed Africa’s exclusion as a credibility crisis for the UN itself.
The US, Russia, China, France, and the UK are the only permanent members of the UNSC, with Africa currently having rotating members on the council in a non-permanent position.
According to Prof. David Kikaya, an international relations expert and council member of the South Eastern Kenya University, a permanent seat on the UNSC would not only amplify Africa’s voice on global security issues but also give the continent leverage in shaping responses to conflicts, climate change, and pandemics.
However, Kikaya warns that Africa cannot push for reforms in the UN on its own.
“The stakes are high for African leaders, and for their quest to succeed, they will need the political and diplomatic goodwill and support of Russia and China’,’ Kikaya told RT.
He notes that China and Russia enjoy huge negotiating powers and global diplomatic influence that African leaders can bank on to push for a permanent seat on the UNSC.
“In the recent past, both China and Russia have shown a soft spot for Africa through investments, and they have proven to be true friends of the continent. They will have no problems with Africa having a permanent seat on the UNSC,” he believes.
“Global body that should grant equal rights to all members”
Dr. Constance Gikonyo, a researcher and senior lecturer at the University of Nairobi, School of Law, argues that “the exclusion of Africa from the UN’s top decision-making body is not just an oversight but structural racism baked into global governance.”
“Since 1945, the UNSC power-sharing model has excluded Africa, home to over 1.4 billion people and a key contributor to global peacekeeping missions,” she told RT.
Dr. Gikonyo says that the UN cannot continue to indulge what she terms as “an outdated system of exclusion”.
“The UN is a global body that should grant equal rights to all members and stop treating African states as visitors or bystanders”, she said.
However, even as Africa seeks greater influence on the UNSC, some analysts argue that internal divisions within the African Union (AU) and conflicts among member states may undermine the continent’s collective effort to present a unified front.
Denis Muniu, a policy analyst at the Global Centre for Policy and Strategy, told RT that competing national interests, regional rivalries, and differing alignments with global powers are likely to derail consensus on who would represent Africa on the UNSC if permanent seats were granted.
“We have the Ezulwini Consensus, which is considered Africa’s official position calling for two permanent seats and five non-permanent ones on the UNSC, but AU member states have never agreed on its implementation’‘, noted Muniu.
The Ezulwini Consensus is the African Union’s (AU) common position dating back to 2005, and demands that Africa should be given at least two permanent seats with veto power and five non-permanent seats. It’s named after Ezulwini, a valley in central Eswatini, where the agreement was first made.
Muniu argues that Africa’s quest for more influence on the UNSC will remain largely aspirational unless the continent “stops fighting from within.”
At the same time, Muniu notes that the shifting geopolitical configurations present Africa with new opportunities. He says that with the shrinking Western influence and China and Russia expanding their political and economic footprint in Africa, the global balance of power is tilting toward multipolarity, a dynamic which could strengthen Africa’s bargaining power at the UN, especially if the continent speaks with one voice.
For Africa to succeed in its quest for a permanent place on the UNSC, the continent must first fix its fragmented unity and invest in strategic diplomacy, and then its leaders will be able move from mere rhetoric to coordinated action. Allies such as China and Russia can only step in to help Africa’s push if the continent’s leaders speak in one voice by agreeing on who should represent the continent on the key UN body.
“Both Moscow and Beijing have been consistent in their criticism of the Western powers’ dominance over the UN. Africa has formidable and reliable allies in these two because they will likely push for the restructuring of the UNSC as a strategic win for their own global interests,” Muniu concluded.
